Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Genetic Factors Related to Callus Induction in Barley

Barley is an important cereal crop worldwide. Its genetic transformation now limited to very few cultivars because of the high genotype dependence embryogenic callus. To reveal key genes or factors controlling callus induction and plantlet regeneration in barley, we compared transcriptomic profiles immature embryos Golden Promise ZU9, which differed dramatically efficiency transformation. The samples were taken at 0, 5, 10 20 days culture, respectively. In total, 5386 up-regulated 6257 down-regulated identified Promise. Several genes, exclusively GP callus, selected for further investigation. These mainly involved protein metabolism, energy stress response, detoxification ubiquitin–proteasome. Four YUCCA flavin monooxygenases, one PIN-FORMED, tryptophan aminotransferase related, three small auxin up RNA, indole-3-acetic acid adenylate isopentenyl transferase, seven cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase, Arabidopsis histidine kinase, phosphotransfer protein, response regulator differentially expressed calli two barley genotypes, suggesting that biosynthesis, transport might be associated with cell reprogramming during induction. current results provide insights into molecular mechanisms early developmental stage are helpful optimizing tissue culture system barley.